The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea

The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea The Joseon Dynasty (1392 to 1910), regularly spelled Choson or Cho-sen and articulated Choh-sen, is the name of the last pre-current dynastic principle in the Korean landmass, and its governmental issues, social practices and design mirror an expressly Confucian flavor. The administration was set up as a renewal of the up to this point Buddhist customs as exemplified by the first Goryeo tradition (918 to 1392). As per recorded documentation, the Joseon dynastic rulers dismissed what had become a degenerate system, and reproduced Korean culture into the antecedents of what is today viewed as one of most Confucian nations on the planet. Confucianism, as rehearsed by the Joseon rulers, was more than essentially a way of thinking, it was a significant course of social impact and a superseding social standard. Confucianism, a political way of thinking dependent on the lessons of the sixth century BC Chinese researcher Confucius, stresses the state of affairs and social request, as a direction pointed towards making an idealistic culture. Confucius and Social Reformation Joseon lords and their Confucian researchers based quite a bit of what they saw as the perfect state on Confucius accounts of the amazing Yao and Shun systems. This perfect state is maybe best spoken to in a parchment painted by A Gyeon, the official court painter to Sejong the Greatâ (ruled 1418 to 1459). The parchment is named Mongyudowondo or Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land, and it recounts Prince Yi Yongs (1418 to 1453) dream of a mainstream heaven bolstered by a basic rural life. Child (2013) contends that the artistic creation (and maybe the sovereigns dream) was likely situated to a limited extent on the Chinese idealistic sonnet composed by the Jin line writer Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian 365 to 427). Dynastic Royal Buildings The principal leader of the Joseon Dynasty was King Taejo, who proclaimed Hanyang (later to be renamed Seoul and today called Old Seoul) as his capital city. The focal point of Hanyang was his primary royal residence, Gyeongbok, built in 1395. Its unique establishments were worked by feng shui, and it remained the fundamental living arrangement for the dynastic families for a long time. Gyeonbok, alongside the greater part of the structures in the core of Seoul, was torched after the Japanese attack of 1592. Of the considerable number of royal residences, Changdeok Palace was the least harmed as was reconstructed soon after the war finished and afterward utilized as the fundamental private royal residence for Joseon pioneers. In 1865, King Gojong had the whole castle complex modified and built up habitation and the illustrious court there in 1868. These structures were harmed when the Japanese attacked in 1910, finishing the Joseon Dynasty. Somewhere in the range of 1990 and 2009, the Gyeongbok Palace complex was reestablished and is today open to the general population. Burial service Rites of Joseon Dynasty Of the numerous transformations of the Joseons, one of the most noteworthy need was that of the burial service function. This specific renewal impactsly affected twentieth century archeological examinations of Joseon society. The procedure brought about the safeguarding of a wide assortment of garments, materials, and papers from the fifteenth through nineteenth hundreds of years, also embalmed human remains. Burial service ceremonies during the Joseon Dynasty, as portrayed in the Garye books, for example, the Gukjo-mineral ui, carefully recommended the development of burial places for the individuals from the tip top decision class of Joseon society, starting in the late fifteenth century AD. As portrayed by the neo-Confucian Song Dynasty researcher Chu Hsi (1120-1200), initial an internment pit was exhumed and a blend of water, lime, sand, and soil were spread on the base and the parallel dividers. The lime blend was permitted to solidify to a close solid consistency. The body of the expired was set in any event one and frequently two wooden final resting places, and the whole entombment secured with another layer of the lime blend, likewise permitted to solidify. At last, an earthen hill was worked over the top. This procedure, referred to archeologists as lime-soil-blend hindrance (LSMB), makes a solid like coat that safeguarded for all intents and purposes unblemished final resting places, grave merchandise, and human remains, including over a thousand bits of all around protected apparel for the whole multi year time of their utilization Joseon Astronomy Some ongoing examination on Joseon society has been centered around the cosmic capacities of the illustrious court. Stargazing was an obtained innovation, embraced and adjusted by the Joseon rulers from a progression of various societies; and the aftereffects of these examinations are important to the historical backdrop of science and innovation. Joseon cosmic records, investigations of sundial development, and the significance and mechanics of aâ clepsydra made by Jang Yeong-sil in 1438 have every single gotten examination by archaeoastronomers over the most recent few years. Sources Choi J-D. 2010. The castle, the city and the past: debates encompassing the remaking of the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, 1990â€2010. Planning Perspectivesâ 25(2):193-213.Kim SH, Lee YS, and Lee MS. 2011. A Study on the Operation Mechanism of Ongnu, the Astronomical Clock in Sejong Era. Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciencesâ 28(1):79-91.Lee E-J, Oh C, Yim S, Park J, Kim Y-S, Shin M, Lee S, and Shin D. 2013. Collaboration of Archeologists, Historians and Bioarchaeologists During Removal of Clothing from Korean Mummy of Joseon Dynasty. International Journal of Historical Archeology 17(1):94-118.Lee E-J, Shin D, Yang HY, Spigelman M, and Yim S. 2009. Eung Taes burial place: a Joseon progenitor and the letters of those that adored him. Antiquity 83(319):145-156.Lee K-W. 2012. Analysis of Korean galactic records with Chinese tropical coordinates. Astronomische Nachrichtenâ 333(7):648-659.Lee K-W, Ahn YS, and Mihn B-H. 2012. Verification of the schedule days of the Joseon Dynasty. Journal of The Korean Astronomical Societyâ 45:85-91. Lee K-W, Ahn Y-S, and Yang H-J. 2011. Study on the arrangement of night hours for translating Korean galactic records of 1625â€1787. Advances in Space Researchâ 48(3):592-600.Lee K-W, Yang H-J, and Park M-G. 2009. Orbital components of comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societyâ 400:1389-1393.Lee YS, and Kim SH. 2011. A Study for the Restoration of the Sundials in King Sejong Era. Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciencesâ 28(2):143-153.Park HY. 2010. HERITAGE TOURISM: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood. Annals of Tourism Researchâ 37(1):116-135.Shin DH, Oh CS, Lee SJ, Chai JY, Kim J, Lee SD, Park JB, Choi I-h, Lee HJ, and Seo M. 2011. Paleo-parasitological concentrate on the dirts gathered from archeological locales in old area of Seoul City. Journal of Archeological Scienceâ 38(12):3555-3559.Shin DH, Oh CS, Shin YM, Cho CW, Ki HC, and Seo M. 2013 The example of antiquated parasite egg defilement in the pr ivate living arrangement, rear entryway, discard and streambed soils of Old Seoul City, the Capital of Joseon Dynasty. International Journal of Paleopathologyâ 3(3):208-213. Child H. 2013. Images of things to come in South Korea. Futures 52:1-11.

It Is Curious To Note The Role Of Women In Shakespearean Literature. M

It is interested to take note of the job of ladies in Shakespearean writing. Numerous pundits have assailed the female characters in his plays as two-dimensional and unreasonable depictions of compliant ladies. Others have affirmed that the jobs of ladies in his plays were unmistakable for the time and culture that he lived in. That such differentiating perspectives could be held with respect to a similar subject is scholastic. It is just with close assessment of his works that we can assume his plan in making characters that motivate so much debate. Two works, Taming of the Shrew, and Twelfth Night, stand apart especially well concerning Shakespeare's utilization of female characters. In the wake of looking at these two plays, one will see that Shakespeare, however fitting in with contemporary perspectives of ladies, evaded them by making fearless female characters with a solid feeling of self. The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare's most acclaimed plays, and has endured very much into our cutting edge time with adjustments into well known TV arrangement, for example, Moonlighting. For all the adulates it has accumulated consistently, it is interested to take note of that many have believed it to be one of his generally dubious in his treatment of ladies. The restraining of Katherine has been fought as being unreasonably unfeeling by numerous scholars and pundits of the cutting edge period. George Bernard Shaw himself squeezed for its restricting during the nineteenth century (Peralta). The compliance of Katherine has been named as brutal, old-fashioned, and by and large disparaging. The play focuses on her and her absence of admirers. It builds up in the principal demonstration her petulant mien and its repercussions on her family. It is just with the presentation of the clever Petruchio as her admirer, that one starts to see an advancement in her character. Throug h a detailed act of embarrassing conduct, Petruchio lowers her and before the finish of the play, she will teach other ladies on the idea of being a decent and obedient spouse. In direct complexity to Shrew, is Twelfth Night, whose primary female hero is by a wide margin the most grounded character in the play. The fundamental character Viola, has been abandoned in an outside land and receives the personality of her sibling so she may live freely without a spouse or gatekeeper. She fills in as a subject to a youthful, lovesick aristocrat named Orsino. All through the play she plays as a go-between for him to the lady he cherishes. Over the span of her administration, she begins to look all starry eyed at him. Just toward the end, does she revoke her male personality and proclaims her adoration for him. The two plays depict female characters reluctant to acknowledge the female job of aloofness. Katherine opposes this generalization by turning into a vixen, a savagely tempered and hawkish lady. Viola masks herself as a man for a large portion of the play so as to save her condition of choice. Katherine suffers censures, rebuking, and mortification over the span of her picked insubordination. Viola appreciates life and position as a man, and doesn't uncover who she is until the last scene of the play. Inquisitively enough, the two ladies deliberately acknowledge the jobs that society would force on them again at the end of the plays. It is essential to note however, that they openly continue these jobs, and that they do as such out of their own feeling of self. For every lady, it is an individual decision dependent on their wants. On account of Katherine, she understands that respectability is as much a mark of confidence as regard for other people, and she has a spouse whom she need demonstrate nothing to on the grounds that he as of now regards her. On account of Viola, she is infatuated with the youthful Orsino. Having discovered the man she would marry, the misrepresentation of her male personality is not, at this point fundamental, as she wants to be his better half. Having seen the likenesses among Viola and Katherine, one should pay heed that they do have various conditions in regards to their conduct. The explanation behind Katherine's peevish attitude is never given in the play, however numerous chiefs have deciphered it as a demonstration to dishearten admirers, much like Hamlet's pretended frenzy. Others have credited it

Bite-sized Reads by Literary Giants

Bite-sized Reads by Literary Giants Do you ever feel insecure about not having read the works of our greatest contemporary writers? Heres a quick fix. The brand new Vintage Minis series features the  creme  de  la  creme of the best  writers of our times, writing on the experiences that make us human. The sleek and gorgeous covers doesnt hurt either! This new series comprised of 20 pocket-sized books encompasses the whole spectrum of lifeâ€"from birth to death, and everything in between. Selected from previously published fiction and non-fiction, these books are named after specific human experiences by people who know the most about it. From Eating by Nigella Lawson to Race by Toni Morrison and Death by Julian Barnes, this collection is economical but addresses themes which are relatable, profound and make for good reads. Liberty by Virginia Woolf If you are a big Woolf fan like me, you will love this inspiring collection of essays selected from  A Room of Ones Own,  The Waves  and  Street Haunting and Other Essays. From disenfranchisement and anarchy to freedom and feminism, her writing  explores the different facets of the word liberty. Jealousy by Marcel Proust This painfully candid book Marcel Proust looks straight into the green eye of every lover’s jealous struggle. Selected from his book  In Search of Lost Time, there is no greater chronicler of jealousy’s darkest fears and destructive suspicions than Proust. Race by Toni Morrison A young black girl longing for the blue eyes of white baby dolls spirals into inferiority and confusion. A friendship falls apart over a disputed memory. An ex-slave is haunted by a lonely, rebukeful ghost, bent on bringing their past home. Strange and unexpected, yet always stirring, Morrison’s writing on race sinks us deep into the heart and mind of our troubled humanity. Desire by Haruki Murakami The five weird and wonderful tales collected here each unlock the many-tongued language of desire, whether it takes the form of hunger, lust, sudden infatuation or the secret longings of the heart. Love by Jeanette Winterson This book is a brilliant anthology  of Wintersons writing on love and her criticism on her work.  Love in all its forms has been an abiding theme of Jeanette Winterson’s writing. Here are selections from her books about that impossible, essential force we call Love. Depression by William Styron This unabridged text of Styrons bestselling  Darkness Visible:A Memoir of Madness  is a candid and gripping account of his depression. He describes an illness that reduced him from a successful writer to a man arranging his own destruction. This hopeful and edifying  book will make a healing  gift to people suffering from mental illness. Psychedelics by Aldous Huxley This is my favourite collection of the lot. In 1953, in the presence of an investigator, Aldous Huxley took four-tenths of a gramme of mescalin, sat down and waited to see what would happen. When he opened his eyes everything, from the flowers in a vase to the creases in his trousers, was transformed. Excerpted from  The Doors of Perception  this is his account of his experience, excerpted from  The Doors of Perception  and his vision for all that psychedelics could offer to mankind that has influenced writers, artists and thinkers around the world. Calm by Tim Parks How do we find calm in our frantic modern world? Tim Parks â€" lifelong sceptic of all things spiritual finds himself on a Buddhist meditation retreat trying to answer this very question. Selected from his book,  Teach us to Sit Still,  he tackles one of the great mysteries of our time â€" how to survive in this modern age. Drinking by John Cheever In each of the stories in this collection, alcohol affects the chain of events.What’s the worst another drink could do? John Cheever pours out our most sociable of vices, and hands it to us in a highball in these stories suffused with beauty, sadness, and the gathering storm of a bender well-done. Eating by Nigella Lawson From the undisputed Queen of the Kitchen comes this collection which comprises of writing from her books  How to Eat  and  Kitchen.  Nigella Lawson sets out a manifesto for how to cook (and eat) good food every day with a minimum of fuss. Home by Salman Rushdie Writing with insight, passion and humour, he looks at what it means to belong, whether roots are real and homelands imaginary, what it is like to reconfigure your past from fragments of memory and what happens when East meets West. Language by Xialu Guo This book includes text from Guos  A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary.  This is a heartwarming insight into a non-English speakers confusion, anxiety and fear after  arriving to London from China. Babies by Anne Enright Anne Enright describes the intensity, bewilderment and extravagant happiness of her experience of having babies, from the exhaustion of trimesters to first smiles and becoming acquainted with the long reaches of the night. Everyone, from parents to the mildly curious, can delight in  this funny, eloquent and unsentimental account. Fatherhood by Karl Ove Knausgaard Excerpted from    A Man in Love,  Knausgard contrasts moments of enormous love and tenderness towards his children with the boring struggles of domesticity in this deeply personal account of a father. Motherhood by Helen Simpson Motherhood : a  land of aching fatigue, constant self-sacrifice and thankless servitude, a land of bottomless devotion. These honest, sharply funny, humane stories selected from  Simpson’s short story collections  Dear George, Hey Yeah Right Get a Life  and  Constitutional  are must-reads for all mothers. Sisters by Louisa May Alcott Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy are four of the most famous sisters in literature, and these stories, selected from  Little Women  and  Good Wives  depict the joys and heartaches they share are a touching celebration of the special ties of sisterhood. Summer by Laurie Lee This book makes one nostalgic of those seemingly neverending days of boundless joy and peace.  Here is an evocation of summer like no other â€" a remote valley filled with the scent of hay, jazzing wasps, blackberries plucked and gobbled, and games played until the last drop of dusk. Lee’s joyful and stirring writing captures the very essence of England’s golden season. Swimming by Roger Deakin This is a joyful swimming tour of Britain, a frog’s-eye view of the country’s best bathing holes â€" the rivers, rock pools, lakes, ponds, lochs and sea that define a watery island. A charming, funny, and inspiring celebration of the magic of water â€" this book will indeed make you want to strip off and leap in. Work by Joseph Heller In this darkly satirical book, Joseph Heller takes us for a turn on the maddening hamster wheel of work. Heller’s workplace is a cradle of paranoia, bravado and nauseating banter, forever shadowed by that perennial question, who’s really running the show here? Death by Julian Barnes When it comes to death, is there ever a best case scenario? In this disarmingly witty book, Julian Barnes confronts our unending obsession with the end. He reflects on what it means to miss God, whether death can be good for our careers and why we eventually turn into our parents. Save Save

Hemingway and Fitzgerald Essay - 1423 Words

Hemingway and Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the parties of one of the most famously infamous relationships in literary history met for the first time in late April 1925 at The Dingo Bar, a Paris hangout for the bohemian set. In his novel A Moveable Feast (published posthumously) Hemingway describes his first impressions of Fitzgerald: â€Å"The first time I ever met Scott Fitzgerald a very strange thing happened. Many strange things happened with Scott, but this one I was never able to forget. He had come into the Dingo bar in the rue Delambre where I was sitting with some completely worthless characters, had introduced himself and introduced a tall, pleasant man who was with him as Dunc Chaplin, the†¦show more content†¦In doing so scholars have also been able to develop some hypotheses about why these two very different men were drawn to each other. Scott first discovered Hemingway through his Princeton friend Edmund â€Å"Bunny† Wilson, who was an up-and-coming literary critic for Dial magazine in 1924.(Donaldson, 54) Fitzgerald was greatly impressed by the copies of in our time and Three Stories and Ten Poems, which Wilson had sent to him in October. He immediately wrote Maxwell Perkins, his editor at Scribners, a letter telling him about â€Å"a young man named Ernest Hemmingway who lives in Paris (an American) writes for transatlantic Review has a brilliant future.†(54) Fitzgerald was finishing work on the final draft of The Great Gatsby, and was living in St. Raphael, France at the time. He and Zelda moved towards Paris in late April of 1925, coinciding with the first printing of Gatsby and Fitzgerald and Hemingway’s first meeting at the Dingo.(54) It is important to note that although Fitzgerald was the much more successful and well-known of the two at the time they met (he had already published the highly popular This Side of Paradise in 1920, as well as The Beautiful and the Damned in 1922) from the start it was he who adopted a â€Å"younger brother† role in relationship toShow MoreRelatedHemingway vs. Fitzgerald1518 Words   |  7 Pagestwo of the greatest writers of the 20th century, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Although both authors use alcohol as a â€Å"mask† or an escape to try and fill the void of hopelessness, Hemingway has a stronger emphasis on alcohol than Fitzgerald and also uses it as a means of communion. The life of Ernest Hemingway is a perfect example of turning to alcohol to escape the hopelessness and aimlessness of the â€Å"Lost Generation.† Hemingway had a very disturbing and but adventurous childhood in AmericaRead More Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance1402 Words   |  6 PagesHemingway and Fitzgerald on the Expatriate Experiance Youre an expatriate. Youve lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed with sex. You spend all your time talking, not working. You are an expatriate, see? (Sun Also Rises, 115)1 Paris in the 1920s was a place that seemed to embody dynamic artistic achievement. Many of the great artists of modernist movements were either there or had passedRead More Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesComparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, though both evolved from the same literary time and place, created their works in two very dissimilar writing styles which are representative of their subject matter. The two writers were both products of the post-WWI lost generation and first gained notoriety as members of the American expatriate literary community living in Paris during the 1920s. Despite this underlying fact which influencedRead More Parallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald 1064 Words   |  5 PagesParallels Between The Sun Also Rises by Hemingway and The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the decade of the 1920s, America was going through many changes, evolving from the Victorian Period to the Jazz Age. Changing with the times, the young adults of the 1920s were considered the Lost Generation. The Great War was over in 1918. Men who returned from the war had the scars of war imprinted in their minds. The eighteenth amendment was ratified in 1919 which prohibitedRead MoreThe Response to War in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott FItzgerald and A Farewell Arms by Ernest Hemingway574 Words   |  3 Pagesmachine-gun detachments [into German lines]†¦when the infantry came up at last they found the insignia of three German divisions among the piles of the dead. I was promoted to be a major, and every Allied government gave me a decoration—even Montenegro’† (Fitzgerald 66). He desires to show off his achievements to the people he is close to including Nick and Daisy. Trying to persuade Daisy to leave Tom, Gatsby goes to great lengths to prove his strength and stamina. On the other hand, Frederick Henry recountsRead More Comparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald1562 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Hills Like White Elephans by Ernest Hemingway and Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald At first glance it seems that the two short stories â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† by F. Scott Fitzgerald have absolutely nothing in common other than beingRead MoreAmerican Writers Like Zora Nealle Hurston, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, And Ernest Hemingway947 Words   |  4 Pagesand cultural consequences were huge. One of the most interesting developments is the changing relationship betwe en intellectuals and the broader public in those years. Many American writers like Zora Nealle Hurston, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, and Ernest Hemingway grew skeptical and weary of the general public during the 1920s, but during the Great Depression, were moved by the hardship they witnessed, the nation began to empathize with and work through the struggles of ordinary AmericansRead MoreHow Hemingway Has Too Strong Opinions On Homosexuality1087 Words   |  5 PagesHemingway has extremely strong opinions on homosexuality, which Gertrude Stein attempts to dissuade by convincing him that those who attempt to assault young boys are not well in their heads. While Stein attempts this, Hemingway proclaims that because homosexuality exists, â€Å"you [carry] a knife and would use it when you were in the company of tramps when you were a boy in the days when wolves was not a slang term for men obsessed by the pursuit of women† (Hemingway 16). It seems that Hemingway doesR ead MoreReview Of The Snows Of Kilimanjaro And Fitzgerald Winter Dreams 1678 Words   |  7 Pagespresented by Hemingway in The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Fitzgerald in Winter Dreams both represent the struggle of two men each dealing with their place in society as it relates to being male and the economic class each occupies. The driving force behind each man, both positive and negative, is represented in the relationship each has with the story’s female character. The analysis of the two stories begins with the autobiographical approach both writers have used to tell the stories. Fitzgerald and HemingwayRead More The Crack-Up Critical Reception History1103 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the magazine (Bitonti), Fitzgerald did just that and â€Å"The Crack-Up,† â€Å"Pasting it Together,† and â€Å"Handle with Care† appeared in the magazine in February, March, and April of 1936, respectively. The essays dealt with the â€Å"lesion of confidence† (Bruccoli 405) and the crippling sense of spiritual, authorial, and personal emptiness from which Fitzgerald was suffering during this period of his life. Their brutal honesty and the radical departure they meant for Fitzgerald as a literary figure elicited

Plagiarism And The Holy Codes Of Plagiarism - 1818 Words

I could feel a burning sense of guilt from knowingly breaking the holy codes of plagiarism, but I just wanted to be done with that paper and I figured that there was no possible way that a plagiarism checker would ever catch such a subtle seven-word phrase. That was where I was dead wrong. About a week or so after submitting the paper for grading, I received such an innocent looking e-mail for my Core 120 professor saying that she would like to meet me after class the next day to discuss my rhetorical analysis. From the way it was worded, she made it sound as if she was so impressed with my writing that she wanted to dive into an in-depth discussion on my analytical masterpiece in attempts to pluck my brain for all of my knowledge on the†¦show more content†¦The section that she had circled in red ink wasn’t even the seven-word phrase that I copied and pasted! What kind of evil joke is this? Instead, it was a short phrase in a different section of my paper that resemb led an online discussion board that I vaguely remembered reading during my research process. (If I found it on a discussion board, I must have been doing some great research, am I right?) Long story short, to my relief, I was not expelled from that school, but I did receive a zero on that assignment and was also assigned to write a new rhetorical analysis on John F. Kennedy’s Inauguration Speech for which I would receive no credit. In the end, I ended up receiving the punishment I deserved for plagiarism, but not for the reasons I was expecting. Besides providing a mildly humorous story of my youth and offering the reason for why I became a documentation freak, there is another, more-important point to me sharing this story. After my professor’s deserved wrath against me had subsided, IShow MoreRelatedEthical Standards Of Scientific Research1443 Words   |  6 Pageswould give examples of ethics such as the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you), a protocol of professional conduct in the healthcare industry is the Hippocratic Oath (First of all, do no harm), a religious creed in the Holy Bible is the Ten Commandments (Thou Shalt not kill...). The distinguish between right and wrong is typically learned at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Even though most people gain their sense of right and wrong during earlyRead MoreEssay on Subjective or Objective Morality on Campus3143 Words   |  13 Pagesin public area, drink alcohol in dorm, physical fighting, and etc. Student show poor in-class activity such as lose attention to their instructor, playing phone during class time, in-class chatting, sleeping, reading (non-course related), absent, plagiarism, and etc. As a college student, they should understand what is good for them, what should do, and what should not. If morality has only one side, which side (objective or subjective) they stand the most? That becomes my research questions. LiteratureRead MoreQuestions On Academic Integrity Policy2400 Words   |  10 Pages Student Number: Student Name: Lecturer’s Name: Unit Code: Unit Name: Assignment Title: Due Date: Date of Submission: Extension Details (if applicable): Word Length (excluding list of references): INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT By checking the box below: I certify that this assignment is my own work and is free from plagiarism. I understand that the assignment may be checked for plagiarism by electronic or other means and may be transferred and stored in a database forRead MoreCh 1 Need for Ethics8650 Words   |  35 Pagesselfdeception, especially where the emotions are involved. They predicted that the idea that everyone creates his or her own sexual morality would spill over into other areas of morality and provide an excuse for everything from petty pilfering, plagiarism, and perjury to child molesting, rape, spouse abuse, and murder. More important for our purposes, the critics of relativism warned that â€Å"anything goes† thinking would undermine the subject of ethics. â€Å"If morality is merely a matter of preferenceRead MoreContemporary Moral Issue Essay2709 Words   |  11 PagesBlackboard readings online, rather than print them out and bring them to class. Just remember to be responsible in your internet use and keep your focus on our work. Honor Code: Information about William amp; Mary’s honor code is available at http://www.wm.edu/offices/deanofstudents/services/studentconduct/honorcode. The section on plagiarism can be found on page 52. GER 7: Philosophy 215 is a GER 7 course. At the end of the syllabus you will find a description of the GER 7 criteria. ScheduleRead MoreFuther5361 Words   |  22 PagesStatement on Academic Integrity The University Student Conduct Code establishes the expectations that individual work will be submitted, unless otherwise allowed by the instructor and that general principles of academic honesty, including the respect for the intellectual property rights of others will be followed. This means that the ideas and wordings of another writer must be acknowledged and appropriately used. Plagiarism is the unacknowledged and inappropriate use of the works of othersRead MoreStatistics for Management and Economics6132 Words   |  25 Pagesare risking a low exam grade by not having the correct edition. The required 9th edition will have an access code that will permit you to download the necessary Excel data files, Excel Workbooks, and Data Analysis Plus macros from t he Publisher’s website. If you have bought, or are buying a used 9th edition textbook, use the following procedure to obtain an online content access code: 1. Go to www.cengagebrain.com 2. In the search box at the top of the page, search Statistics for ManagementRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 PagesCancellation of registration/fee liability 6.4.9 Registration of specific/incomplete modules 6.4.10 Payments 6.4.11 Account Details 6.4.12 Foreign Payments 6.5 Assessments 6.5.1 Method of assessment 6.5.2 Mitigating circumstances 6.5.3 Appeals 6.5.4 Plagiarism 6.5.5 Re-registration for a programme/module 6.5.6 Progression 6.5.7 Award of qualification 6.5.8 Marking Criteria 6.6 Student Support 6.6.1 The MANCOSA Student Support Centre 6.6.2 Regional Academic Consultants 6.6.3 Regional Representatives 4Read MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesrotten Jewish core.[13] The Protocols  has been proven by polemicists, such as Irish journalist  Philip Graves  in a 1921  The Times  article, and British academic  Norman Cohn  in his 1967 book  Warrant for Genocide, to be both a  hoax  and a clear case of plagiarism. There is general agreement that Russian-French writer and political activist  Matvei Golovinski  fabricated the text for  Okhrana, the  secret police  of the  Russian Empire, as a work of  counter-revolutionary  propaganda  prior to the  1905 Russian RevolutionRead MoreImpact of Job Analysis on Job Performance: a Study of Public Sector Organizations of Pakistan25727 Words   |  103 PagesMY KIND AND AFFECTIONATE FATHER MR.ABDUL REHMAN SOHALVI(LATE) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Myriad thanks to Almighty Allah, the Omnipotent and the Most Merciful, who enabled me to learn, to understand the complexities and to complete this dissertation. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), who is the beacon of light to all mankind, taught his followers to seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave. I owe deep gratitude and heartiest appreciation to my benevolent supervisor, Dr. Hamid Rafiq Khattak

Childhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children - 973 Words

Public schools need to teach children more about food in the United States. Children should be taught more about where the food comes from, how the food is gathered, how the food can be prepared, and how they can eat healthier in order to guide them to live with a healthy eating habit. Fact: Many American children are or are becoming obese in the past thirty years. About fifteen percent of the U.S. children from 2 to 19 years old are considered as obese, and many more children are in a risk of becoming obese. The genetic reason causes childhood obesity in some cases, but many has become obese due to a lack of proper nutrition education and physical exercises. Childhood obesity may affect children in their adulthood. Obesity cause many diseases, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, diabetes, and lung problems. It also can be a risk of psychological damage (Brazelton, ix-x). If children aren’t educated about the food, they are more likely to be careless about food and become unhealthy physically and psychologically. Fact: The academic performance can be negatively affected through bad eating habit. A study shows that children who eat more high-calorie food score lower in math and reading assessments, and children who eat more high salt snack performed less in math performance (Li,JianO’Connell, Ann). Children are used to eat more fast food, which contains high in fat and salt. This results in negative academic performance. Many children may struggle inShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors adopted by children affect their mental and physical health. Studies have shown that there is a link between what children see in advertisements and the lifestyle choices they make. Studies also showed that children who viewed advertisements showing healthy eating were more likely to engage in healthy eating habits (Carter and Maria). There are large amounts of advertisements for foods and drinks high in fat and sugar. Many studies show that there is a link between childhood obesity and advertisingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most important issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upcoming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. HoweverRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1093 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity is a serious, sometimes fatal condition in which a person is significantly overweight for his or her age and height. Many children suffer from this condition all over the world. Childhood obesity is one of the most increasing health threats that the United States faces. Many researchers ask how children get to be so overly obese and unhealthy. They have come up with ways to somehow prevent it; however, the rates of the growing disease have grown rapidly over the years. It causes many problemsRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1727 Words   |  7 PagesEnding Childhood Obesity Juanita was born at an average weight of six pounds, but now at 10-months-old she weights a whopping 44 pounds. Juanita has gained over seven times her original weight and is at the weight of an average five year old. Doctors say by age two or three Juanita could develop type two diabetes (She Was Just Ten Months). Unfortunately, this is not a rare for many children all over the world; many children suffer from the exact same situation Juanita has been put into. ChildhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity introduce In addition to the physical harm, obesity and negative psychological impact on children. This is a high risk factors of childhood obesity, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obese children always lower than that of healthy children intelligence and operators. Their activities, learning and communication ability is very low, and their depression and low self-esteem can make the children s sensitivity to interpersonalRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence among preschool-aged children, obesity among children is still too high. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, the prevalence of obesity has remained fairly stable at about 17% and affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade (CDC). Childhood obesity does not only affect children, but also has many long term health effects on our children as they get older, including, an increased risk of ty pe 2 diabetes in both childhood and adulthood. (2). ResearchersRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to fresh fruits, vegetables and nutritious meals is an important component in combating childhood obesity. Socioeconomic conditions can limit access to quality food for many children. Without the ability to consume nutritious, low calorie food portions children are at risk for developing health conditions. In 2011, 20.6% of households with children in the U.S. have experienced food insecurity and it has been associated with negative health and development outcomes including more frequentRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children945 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that childhood obesity has tripled in last 30 years? According to Spark, a web site about childhood obesity, a child is considered obese if their BMI(Body Mass Index) is 30 or higher. This is a serious medical condition. It can lead to a variety of serious diseases and have physiological and psycological impact on the children, moreover it can cause issues in their social lives. Childhood obesity is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Home, schools, and the communityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1614 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity has become one of the leading causes of death in our nation today. Sadly, our society in whole is one of the heaviest. Putting an emp hasis on the fact that â€Å"obesity rates among children of all ages are dramatically higher then they were a generation ago† (Green). Society has made it, with little to no trouble, that kids can get what they want, when they want it. Children are unaware of the harm and trauma they are putting their bodies through at such a young age. Childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States, the busiest country on over the world, is being threatened by the obesity, especially children. Compare with the past 30 years, in 2012, the number of children are obese increases doubled (Childhood Obesity Facts). The major elements that lead to the childhood obesity not only come from the invisible factor are family’s gene, but also the environment grow them up as school and the influence of technology in the modern society. But if the parent and school have a positive behavior

Campbell Operative Orthopedics

Question: Disucss about the Campbell Operative Orthopedics. Answer: Introduction: The essay deals with the case study of a person who walks into a dark room without shoes and kicks the metal chair by accident. Initially, the person may feel confused therefore, he should widely open his eyes so that some amount of light or shadow can guide him. The person may wide open his arms to sense the furniture and walls in the room and alert all his senses to hear or touch anything that can offer him some help. Since the person was barefoot, he was hurt by mistakenly hitting a metal chair. The person collapses on the floor grabbing his foot due to intense pain. Since the person has already hurt his foot, he may experience preconceived apprehensions of bumping in again in the darkness. He sat in a corner with tear filled eyes. As the pain was intense, his mind portrayed a picture of a broken toe. With the pain turning severe, he groaned in pain calling for his about help him. Meanwhile, the person can press his toe harder for gaining some comfort. His friend entered the room turning on the light. His foot found was covered with blood. He was laid on a bed by his friend. He was unable to move his toe and was tender when touched. Later the person cared his foot with RICE technique taking help from his friend. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation (Stolt et al. 2015). For the rest of the day he gave complete rest to his foot and using minimum movement for using a kitchen and other necessary activities until the pain subsides. To allow the blood circulation and to keep the joints mobile he used his foot to draw alphabets in the air. He further used ice packs to reduce swelling and taking help from his friend he wrapped a bandage around his foot avoiding too much compression. Precautions were taken to compress the entire foot to reduce swelling. Finally, he placed his foot at a level above his heart as elevation helps to reduce swelling (Rice et al. 2013). After two days he visited an orthopedic clinic to address any major injury as swelling had not reduced. A foot is comprised of 33 joints, 26 bones, and 100 tendons and muscles. It is a flexible body part that takes the entire body weight and is incredibly resilient (Zone and Guide 2017). When injured foot is highly vulnerable and if a major bone in feet is not given sufficient care it is highly likely to dislodge and break permanently. If untreated it may cause bony prominence and inflammation of the surrounding muscles (Azar et al. 2016). The person was administered steroids for reducing swelling along with mild sedatives as his pain score was high. The doctor informed that the injury will take some more time to recover but does not need a surgery. After his pain had been reduced, he started MSA process upon physicians recommendations which stand for "Movement (full range of motions), Strength (strengthening the injured area) and Alternate activities (exercises) (Stolt et al. 2010). His treatment helped him recover completely. References Azar, F.M., Canale, S.T. and Beaty, J.H., 2016.Campbell's operative orthopedics. Elsevier Health Sciences. Rice, H., Nunns, M., House, C., Fallowfield, J., Allsopp, A. and Dixon, S., 2013. High medial plantar pressures during barefoot running are associated with increased risk of ankle inversion injury in Royal Marine recruits.Gait Posture,38(4), pp.614-618. Stolt, M., Suhonen, R., Puukka, P., Viitanen, M., Voutilainen, P. and Leino?Kilpi, H., 2015. Nurses knowledge of foot care in the context of home care: a cross?sectional correlational survey study.Journal of clinical nursing,24(19-20), pp.2916-2925. Stolt, M., Suhonen, R., Voutilainen, P. and Leino?Kilpi, H., 2010. Foot health in older people and the nurses role in foot health carea review of literature.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,24(1), pp.194-201. Zone, C.P.D. and Guide, S., 2017. Foot health problemswhen to refer to a podiatrist.Sign,3531(936).

Soul Music As A Vehicle Of Social Expression Essays -

Soul Music As A Vehicle Of Social Expression Music is the most powerful vehicle of human expression. As the embodiment of love, disapproval, happiness, experience ? life, music speaks to us, because it comes from us. Each people, in each paradine of the human experience instinctively and systematically change the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, black music, more specifically Soul music, has been that music that has brought to plain view that which evidences our humanity ? hope, hurt, joy and passion ? in such a way that the world has no other choice than to feel its power and marvel in its brilliance. When one discusses the relationship between Soul music and the civil rights movement, it becomes a dialouge very akin to that of the chicken and the egg. The period of ?Classic Soul? is that period primarily, but not exclusively referenced as the 1950's, 60's and 70's (Stephenson 186). This is the time frame of the American Civil Rights Movement, and the impact of the massive changes going on, are reflected in the music and the culture. So one would be correct in both assuming that the Civil Rights Movement gave rise to Soul music, as much Soul music contributed to the success of the campaign for civil rights. Soul music during its heyday, did more than simply entertain. For a race of people it served as a source of motivation, strength and education, for a people immersed in turmoil and tragedy. The institution of segregation had effectively inhibited the general populace's awareness of the great achievements and contributions made by African-americans throughout the history of the United States (Franklin 429). Inasmuch, Soul music sought to bring that undersight to light. Soul songs like Donny Hathaway's ?To Be Young, Gifted and Black,? was revolutionary, in that they sought to instill pride of one's history, but at the same time motivate a new generation to reach new heights. As Hathaway says, ?We must begin to tell our young, ?Don't you know that there is a whole world waiting for you?'?, he is calling for the teaching of black pride to the youth, which was a wide spread trend in black communities of the ?60s and ?70s (Hathaway). James Brown's ?Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud,? be came an anthem for the movement (Brown). The song's lyrics like, .Don't quit moving, until we get what we deserve?we'd rather die on our feet, than keep living on our knees,? were words of inspiration for those involved in the struggle for equality. ?Whereas the predominant theme of rhythm and blues was love and other kind of human relationships, soul singers voiced concern about the social injustice, racial pride, black militancy, and forms of protest (Southern 517).? Eileen Southern's statement on Soul music greatly describes the type of works produced by Hathaway and Brown at the time, yet was definetly not exclusive to these two artists. The period wherein Soul intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement, produced music greatly influenced by the environment in which its creators lived. Donny Hathaway's, ?Ghetto,? and Marvin Gaye's ?Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler),? speak of the harshness of life in the Inner City (Hathaway/Gaye). Societal ills and political unrest were a major theme of Soul music, and Marvin Gaye's work, almost more than any other artist, was demonstrative of this fact. Gaye's album What's Goin On, was his commentary on the social problems of the period, and through its success tremendously impacted the increasing social awareness. Despair within the black community was given voice in Gaye's ?Inner City Blues?. Inflation, taxes, unemployment and police brutality were numbered among the themes addressed in the song. The sense of hopelesness of the piece can best be conveyed in the line saying, ?this life ain't worth the living?.makes me wanna holler, throw up both my hands!?(Gaye). ?Save the Children? goes on to ask: ?Who is willing to try and save a world that is destined to die, yet goes on to say ?live life for the children?let's save the children (Gaye). So, even in the midst of great despair, Gaye, and other artist of his genre, did believe in the possibility

The Great Gatsby Essay

The Great Gatsby Essay F .Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" is a story of a group of "friends" who live on two separate islands in Long Island, New York. The main characters are, Nick Carraway who is also the narrator, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. The story takes place in the 1920's in Long Island, New York as well as New York City. It is said to be "an exclusive literary group of fictional masterworks forming the American literary collection, which define... the American myth of identity and experience." It is also said by Professor Daniel S .Burt that this is a novel that is based on a "series of lies." The Great Gatsby is both a great American piece of literature and a series of detailed lies. The American experience is about the "American Dream." Which is how you are perceived by your peers, therefore you can achieve the American experience while stringing together a group of lies.The Great Gatsby (1926 film)F Scott Fitzgerald does this while telling a story of a group of people whose live were so involved with one another that it put them all against each other driving them to do some very outrageous things.Jay Gatsby or James Gatz as he used to be known is a prime example of someone in the novel who is "living the American dream" although he is living a lie. On page 69 he says to Nick "I am the son of some wealthy people in the mid-west-all dead now.....educated at Oxford because all of my ancestors have been educated there. It is a family tradition." Although when Gatsby was asked later by Nick on page 70 where in the mid-west he was from Gatsby replied "San Francisco." This is one instance in the novel where Gatsby, who...

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Create a Unit of instruction (UBD) - Assignment Example Therefore, the primary unit of this curriculum is intended to develop an organized approach in order to promote nutritional aspects along with different physical educational activities which ensure to develop children’s health. In order to precisely and most apparently highlight the major factors in terms of promoting nutritional and physical development of the children, the different areas of this report would be assessed in accordance with the guidelines of Understanding by Design (UbD) approach. The nutrition and physical activity curriculum incorporates the following stages: Significance of nutrition and physical activity and their role for developing children health Comprehensive health and physical education need as per the standards of NJCCCS (New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards) for promoting good health for the children Identify the desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals Create â€Å"essential questions† that will focus upon the work co ncerning the key concepts, themes, issues and problems of the topic Design effective assessment plan in accordance with the promotion of good health for the children Design effective learning experience or course which can enable the child care settings (parental and institutional) to equip the students with skills, proficiency, knowledge as well as understanding. b. State the Appropriate NJCCCS it Addresses The New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards (NJCCCS) can be duly considered as one of the major frameworks for educating a child relating to the development which has been formed by the New Jersey State Board of Education during the year 1996. The NJCCCS framework tends to incorporate adequate guidelines and principles that apparently define the major learning process for the students to accomplish desired education or the learning outcome (State of New Jersey Department of Education, n.d.). The guiding principles underneath the NJCCCS address various aspects towards improv ing the curriculum in terms of developing child educational settings. Additionally, the principles of this framework also tend to incorporate adequate measures associated with promoting good health and wellbeing of each student within different educational institutions. In this regard, nutrition and physical activity is also a major consideration of the NJCCCS framework which highly focuses on improving the dietary and physical education for each child within any educational, healthcare and parental settings. Furthermore, the framework also ensures to streamline the practices concerning the wellness and good health of the students within the educational settings and confirms to develop physical, psychological as well as educational growth of each child (The State of New Jersey, n.d.). c. Identify the Desired Results in terms of the Learner Outcomes and Goals Identifying desired results can be regarded as one of the primary and initial stages of UbD approach ensuring to efficiently u nderstand the students regarding the significance of nutrition and physical activities. In this context, the identification of desired results in terms of learner outcomes and goals has been explained in the following discussion. Established Goals The essential factors concerning nutrition and physical education for the children will be focused in terms of clearly identifying the desired results of the unit. Therefore, in the major stage of designing the unit, certain realistic goals in accordance with the NJCCCS

Analysis of Body Language Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Body Language - Article Example For example, nod when saying no, and shake your head when saying yes. In his article, ‘What You Don’t Know about Body Language - but Should’, Nick Morgan asserts that one given gesture may have meaning, and may be interpreted differently (Morgan, 2012). Even so, there are widely accepted meanings to various gestures. For instance, wide-open eyes imply interest. According to the author, effective communication encompasses both verbal and nonverbal communication. When communicating, it is important to pay attention not only to the spoken words but also to the body language. It is argued that body language is more truthful as compared with the spoken word. The human needs, feelings, emotions, intentions, and thoughts are thought to be controlled by the limbic system in the brain. This part tends to react to the world in real times and this is shown by the way the body reacts through the various gestures. These gestures have evolved in people globally. An extensive analysis of President Barrack Obama’s body language has exposed that his body language tends to change from location to location as well as form speech to speech. Also, his body language cues tend to differ in debates and interviews that they are in speeches. Nonverbally, President Obama is an emotional man. A more explicit example is his Tuesday, January 24, 2012 State of the Union Address, whose nonverbal communication with regards to the use of body language was excellent. One eminent gesture throughout the speech was his smile. The smile on his face made him appear genuine. The human brain tends to prefer happy faces as opposed to those faces with negative expressions. His verbal and nonverbal alignments during the speech were on point. His body language supported his message such that it could easily make people believe that he really meant what he said. He looked comfortable and composed. He walked with ease, stood with ease, and all his gestures were fluid and flowing. Â  

Sizing Up The Active Wear Market Marketing Essay

Sizing Up The Active Wear Market Marketing Essay In the wake of falling sales and decreasing profit margins, Harrington Collection is evaluating the opportunity to expand into the high-growth active-wear market. The idea of expanding into lower priced fashion product lines was not new to the company (Tedlow Beckham 2008) which was renowned for its sophisticated high class roots. However, after three years of consecutive lacklustre sales and margins Sara Huey, Vice President of Strategic Planning and her team have to take a critical look at the active-wear product line option as a possible solution to reverse the companys negative performance trend. To come up with sound decision Harrington Collection executives would have to analyze the financial implications of the opportunity, assess trade and competitor reactions, consider the risks, and determine whether they have the capacity to successfully launch and manage the new product line. This basically means that they will have to assess consumer behaviour, product introduction and financial implications. Consumer behaviour Consumer buying behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers (individuals households) who buy goods and services for personal consumption. This is generally affected by consumer culture, social, personal and psychological characteristics. Consumer products are designed to be attractive to consumers, so that they feel encouraged to buy. This makes it mandatory for any organization to understand and manipulate product attributes so as to positively influence consumers to buy. However, buying behavior is also a function of the competing products in the marketplace and the brand marketing strategy applied by that given firm. In order to design the best product, it is necessary to understand not just the physical and chemical nature of the product, but also the psychology of consumers and the sociology of consumer groups. Harrington Collection is a company with decades of expertise (Tedlow Beckham 2008) that has an excellent relationship with its retail trade (Tedlow Beckham 2008) therefore their knowledge of consumer behaviour is high. Moreover we are told that the company also commissioned surveys and focus groups which revealed that their target customers showed considerable interest in buying active-wear clothing (Tedlow Beckham 2008). The push for introduction of a new product line is also supported by three factors that determine consumer behaviour i.e. loyalty, sociology and psychology. Loyalty is defined as that tendency for consumers to stick to the same products. Loyalty is also manifested through what is referred to as the memory effect, which represents that tendency of consumers in returning to products they had previously used, after trying something new they then did not like. The focus groups commissioned by Harrington Collection showed that a subset of Harrington customers who had been loyal throughout their careers were interested in something fresh and comfortable that would fit their active lifestyles (Tedlow Beckham 2008). On the other hand the sociology factor was heightened by the popularity of active-wear among Hollywood celebrities. Sociology in this context implies how one persons buying is influenced by that of others. We are told that this trend toward more contemporary athletic fashions resulted in rapid growth for firms that offered these lines. Harrington Collection estimated that over seven and a half million active-wear units were sold in 2007 with the projection that this would grow to 15 million by 2009 (Tedlow Beckham 2008). Moreover by 2009 it was expected that 40% of the 15 million buyers would prefer the better category which is what Harringtons Vigor division specialized in. Vigors market expertise could come in handy in deploying the active-wear better product line. Psychology covers what, and how, aspects of the actual items on the shelves influence people to make their choices, possibly buying something different from previously. Most firms would use advertising to influence consumer psychology. Harrington on the other hand we are told was known for its top in-house design staff, extensive national advertising campaigns and its exceptional quality and styling (Tedlow Beckham 2008). Plus, after analyzing the better sets of active -wear that were in the market Harrington knew that the standards they had could not allow them to produce such poor quality products. Therefore a launch of a product line in active-wear could provide Harrington with an opportunity to display their superior products to the low end consumer market and thus rapidly increase their market share and probably pull though a customer lock-in. Also we cannot ignore the fact that introduction of a new product onto the market by as renowned a fashion company as Harrington has the ability to change the way consumers, or at least some of them, view the other established active-wear brands. Harringtons quality and styling might draw attention to some quality which was not previously much regarded by consumers in this category, or it might make people give different weightings to the established products when making their decisions. If Harrington Collection decides to go ahead with the idea to add an active-wear product line to its existing business then they would have to model their target consumers behavior. They will need to look at the external stimuli that assist the consumer to make the decision to buy their product. An external stimulus that Harrington Collection has direct influence over is the marketing mix: product, place, price, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Product is the active-wear itself and here decisions regarding the features of the product, quality level, product lines and branding will be addressed. Place caters for decisions on channel type, service levels, managing the channels, transporting and delivering, market exposure, intermediaries, locations and stores. Pricing in this case is vital considering that the target market is price sensitive and there are other large competitors such as Liz Clairbornes Juicy Couture. Decisions regarding the discounts to be allowed, allowances and whether pricing will change with product life cycle will also depend on the breakeven analysis that we shall be looking at later in this paper. Promotion decisions regard the communications mix, the type, qualifications and number of salespeople needed the required media, sales promotion, and publicity. People decisions regard the type of customers, the customer care personnel and their knowledge, qualifications and motivations for participating during the service encounter. The process factor looks at the length of the process, the activities that can be done during the process and technologies that will facilitate the process and finally, physical evidence is concerned with decisions on the types of tangible evidence available to customers. In spite of all the theories and models made with respect to consumers it is still acknowledged that the buyers decision process is a black box that even with knowledge of characteristics that affect consumer behaviour. Product Introduction The introduction process of a new product into any market is highly complex. It requires ability to coordinate work of numerous teams within an organization, as well as with the extended network of partners and suppliers. The new product in here would be the active-wear apparel (hoodies, tee-shirts and pants). One aspect of the complexity is derived from the use of several different new parts, each of which may need unique design, specifications, development, and other specialized conditions. This complexity is compounded further by the myriad of tools used during the new product introduction (NPI) process e.g. computer aided design (CAD) applications, project management tools and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. A typical new product development and introduction process would consist of three core phases: 1) product definition, 2) product development, prototyping, and testing, and 3) product build and ramp to production. Each of these phases requires effective project management to ensure that at the end we have optimized productivity and results. In modern best-in-class NPI processes, a collaborative approach is encouraged, that is, where manufacturing integrates into the design phase early, ramping up the manufacturing effort as the design progresses to production. Engineering continues to participate even in the production phase to ensure the design is correctly built (Arena 2007). This joint approach shortens new product introduction time to market and enhances product quality. However, it also necessitates greater levels of communication and coordination amongst the project teams. The first phase in the new active-wear apparel introduction would be product definition. At this stage the design and marketing teams come up with new ideas either from market research. The NPI team for Harrington Collection would then perform technical feasibility studies and business case analysis (which we shall look at later in this paper using the breakeven analysis). This is duly followed by the creation of initial market and product requirements. These initial planning documents outline the objectives and goals for the new product introduction (NPI). The real challenge at this stage is in the selection of the right ideas and managing them to commercial success. It is advisable for organizations to develop a disciplined portfolio management process that they shall be using to aid them in consistently choosing the better product ideas and NPI processes to bring better products to market, before their competitors do so. After product definition we proceed with the product development phase. How this phase is managed generally determines how quickly the innovative idea reaches the market. New product development is complex partly due to the huge number of participating groups required to collaborate e.g. the design team, sourcing, quality control and others. These teams carry out hundreds of activities, such as design, prototyping, sourcing, quoting, testing, manufacturing and planning. This situation could be worse for global outsourced players because of the geographical distance and the extension of the teams beyond the boundaries of a single company. To deal with such a complex team environment the organization would need to set up a centralized and shared project and data management infrastructure, so that cross functional and cross enterprise teams are able to access the latest design files, work instructions, change orders, task list, and project plans as and when they are revised. The idea that Harrington Collection should pursue this product development under its Vigor division is heavily supported by this point. Being a division that is already running we would expect most of the infrastructure required for data management and information sharing to be in place in contrast to having to set up everything a new in the case where a new division is formed to handle this new product line. Also, with the increasing environmental and regulatory compliance pressures from different countries where the active-wear would eventually be sold, an organization at this product development phase must seek cost-effective solutions to meet product and process compliance requirements such as Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), Global Best Practices for Clothing Manufacturers and ISO standards. Harringtons is advantaged here since it has not outsourced its manufacturing. In an outsourced environment, companies need to assess compliance risks of all outsourced activities, implement necessary controls, and create documentation to establish an audit trail. This adds to complexity and has high cost effects too. The final key phase for NPI is the production phase. To ensure that manufacturing is efficient and cost-effective all teams (operations, manufacturing, testing, component manufacturing and design engineering etc.) must work together to ensure that a given design is manufactured to correct specifications. The earlier teams begin to collaborate the better equipped they will be for a rapid production ramp. According to Arena to facilitate efficient and accurate communication of product bills of materials (BOM), companies must ensure that the product record is available to all involved in the production and change implementation, including internal groups, contract manufacturers, and suppliers. Providing contract manufacturers and suppliers with selected visibility to centralized product record allows them direct access to the most recent changes. It removes the data communication bottlenecks that result from relying upon individuals and reduces the potential costly revision errors (Arena, 2007, p5). It is our opinion that having the product line run under Vigor division would be more efficient and effective than establishing a new division to do it because it has a seasoned team, supportive infrastructure in place and Harrington Collection could more easily develop a cross-functional product development process which is important to ensure the success of the new product introduction (NPI). From the shared project and data management infrastructure within Vigor division teams involved in the NPI would be able to access the latest project plans and tasks that are related to parts, sub-assemblies, and assemblies. It is also easier to ensure that project revisions are accessible to everyone involved. Demand and Profitability Analysis Template Table 1: Start up costs table Start Up Costs: Amount ($) Start-up Costs Pants Plant 1,200,000.00 Start-up Costs Hoodie and Tee-shirt Plant 2,500,000.00 Equipment Pants Plant 2,000,000.00 Equipment Hoodie and Tee-shirt Plant 2,500,000.00 Launch PR, Advertising 2,000,000.00 Fixtures for Company Stores* 2,500,000.00 Total Start-up Costs 12,700,000.00 Annual Depreciated Start-up Costs** 2,540,000.00 *For Fixtures for Company Stores we assumed that only the exclusive Vigor stores would be stocked with active-wear apparel. The company owned stores are 120 in total but exclusive Vigor stores are 50 (Tedlow Beckham 2008). Fixtures for each Company Store would cost $50,000.00 (Tedlow Beckham 2008). The figure obtained above was therefore obtained by multiplying $50,000 by 50 stores. **We are told that all launch fixture, plant start-up, and equipment costs would be depreciated over a five year period (Tedlow Beckham 2008). We used the straight-line depreciation method: Table 2: total fixed operating costs Annual Ongoing Operating Costs Fixed Overhead Pants Plant 3,000,000.00 Overhead Hoodie and Tee-shirt Plant 3,500,000.00 Rent Pants Plant 500,000.00 Rent Hoodie and Tee-shirt Plant 500,000.00 Management / Support 1,000,000.00 Advertising 3,000,000.00 Total Fixed Operating Costs 11,500,000.00 Table 3: total direct variable costs Direct Variable Costs Hoodie ($) Tee-shirt ($) Pants ($) Sew and Press 3.25 2.00 2.85 Cut 1.15 0.40 0.70 Other Variable Labor 3.20 2.40 3.05 Fabric 9.10 2.20 7.50 Findings 3.85 0.50 2.30 Total Direct Variable Costs 20.55 7.50 16.40 Table 4: total unit direct variable cost Direct variable costs translated into unit cost Hoodie ($) Tee-shirt ($) Pants ($) 20.55 7.50 16.40 multiply by 0.50 1.50 1.00 10.28 11.25 16.40 37.93 Table 5: Vigor unit Retail Price Suggested Retail Unit price Hoodie ($) Tee-shirt ($) Pants ($) 100.00 40.00 80.00 220.00 Wholesale unit price = 50% of Retail unit price = $110 Table 6: total variable costs as % of Wholesale Price Total variable costs as % of wholesale price working capital requirements 3.00 sales commissions 4.00 inventory costs 1.00 bad debt 0.70 transportation 0.24 miscellaneous 0.15 9.09 Table 7: total variable costs per unit Indirect variable costs Wholesale unit price 110.00 Total variable costs as % of wholesale price 9.09 Indirect variable costs per unit 10.00 Direct variable costs per unit 37.93 Indirect variable costs per unit 10.00 Total variable costs per unit 47.92 Table 8: contribution per unit Contribution Wholesale price per unit 110.00 less total variable costs per unit 47.92 Contribution per unit 62.08 Table 9: Breakeven units Breakeven Fixed annual costs (operating and depreciated start-up) 14,040,000.00 Ã · Contribution per unit 62.08 Breakeven Units 226,174.37 Table 10: Vigor active-wear approximate revenue Vigor active-wear approximate revenue Total units sold in 2007 7,500,000.00 Vigor Market share % 7.00 Vigor total unit sales for 2007 525,000.00 Vigor retail unit price 220.00 Approximate Vigor revenue for 2007 115,500,000.00 Table 11: Profit Margin Profit Margin Revenue 115,500,000.00 less fixed annual costs 14,040,000.00 less total variable costs (Vigor total unit sales for 2007 x total variable costs per unit) 25,160,100.00 Profit before tax 76,299,900.00 Profit margin before tax % 66.06 Making the Decision Based on the breakeven analysis we see it would be prudent for Sara Huey to approach the board and advise them to embark on the new active-wear product line because within a year Harrington Collection would have been able to not only breakeven but make a pre-tax profit of $76.3 million. Secondly we believe that the new product line of active-wear should be folded within the Vigor division so that it can benefit from the already existing infrastructure and sales channels. Moreover, like Myers suggested, the active-wear line would be a perfect addition to the Vigor division because it also focused on better wear plus fewer than 2% of respondents in their customer research survey felt that a less-expensive active-wear line would cheapen the brand (Tedlow Beckham 2008). This is a big thumb up from the most important public for the Harrington Collection, i.e. the consumer. We have also seen from the consumer behavior analysis that Harington Collection has got a lot more to gain from intr oducing the active-wear line for example we are told that the aging baby boomer population wanted clothes that would not make them feel old. In addition to that, another survey showed that 10% of customers purchasing apparel in the $100 $200 price range would buy an active-wear set if they could get one with superior styling, fabric and fit, which is what Harrington Collection was intending to manufacture and sell.

Native American Women :: American America History

Native American Women On few subjects has there been such continual misconception as on the position of women among Indians. Because she was active, always busy in the camp, often carried heavy burdens, attended to the household duties, made the clothing and the home, and prepared the family food, the woman has been depicted as the slave of her husband, a patient beast of encumbrance whose labors were never done. The man, on the other hand, was said to be an loaf, who all day long sat in the shade of the lodge and smoked his pipe, while his overworked wives attended to his comfort. In actuality, the woman was the man's partner, who preformed her share of the obligations of life and who employed an influence quite as important as his, and often more powerful. Native Americans established primary relationships either through a clan system, descent from a common ancestor, or through a friendship system, much like tribal societies in other parts of the world. In the Choctaw nation, " Moieties were subdivided into several nontotemic, exogamous, matrilineal 'kindred' clans, called iksa." (Faiman-Silva, 1997, p.8) The Cheyenne tirbe also traced their ancestry through the woman's lineage. Moore (1996, p. 154) shows this when he says "Such marriages, where the groomcomes to live in the bride's band, are called 'matrilocal'." Leacock (1971, p. 21) reveals that "...prevailing opinion is that hunting societies would be patrilocal.... Matrilineality, it is assumed, followed the emergence of agriculture...." Leacock (p. 21) then stated that she had found the Montagnais-Naskapi, a hunting society, had been matrilocal until Europeans stepped in. "The Tanoan Pueblos kinship system is bilateral. The household either is of the nuclear type or is extended t o include relatives of one or both parents...." (Dozier, 1971, p. 237) The statuses and roles for men and women varied considerably among Native Americans, depending on each tribe's cultural orientations. In matrilineal and matrilocal societies, women had considerable power because property, housing, land, and tools, belonged to them. Because property usually passed from mother to daughter, and the husband joined his wife's family, he was more of a stranger and yielded authority to his wife's eldest brother. As a result, the husband was unlikely to become an authoritative, domineering figure. Moreover, among such peoples as the Cherokee, Iroquois, and Pueblo, a disgruntled wife, secure in her possessions, could simply divorce her husband by tossing his belongings out of their residence.

World Wide Web and E-commerce Winter

Introduction to E-Commerce Revenue Models Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: Revenue models How some companies move from one revenue model to another to achieve success Revenue strategy issues that companies face when selling on the Web An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 2 1 Objectives (continued) Creating an effective business presence on the Web Web site usability Communicating effectively with customers on the Web An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 3 Revenue Models Mail order or catalog model Proven to be successful for a wide variety of consumer items Web catalog revenue model Taking the catalog model to the WebAn Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 4 2 Computers and Consumer Electronics Apple, Dell, Gateway, and Sun Microsystems have had great success selling on the Web Dell created value by designing its entire business around offering a high degree of configuration flexibility to its customers An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 5 Books, Music , and Videos Retailers use the Web catalog model to sell books, music, and videos Among the most visible examples of electronic commerce Jeff Bezos Formed Amazon. com Jason and Matthew Olim Formed an online music store they called CDnow Used the Web catalog revenue model An Introduction to E-CommerceWinter 85, 6 3 Luxury Goods People are still reluctant to buy luxury goods through a Web site Web sites of Vera Wang and Versace Constructed to provide information to shoppers, not to generate revenue Web site of Evian Designed for a select, affluent group of customers An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 7 Clothing Retailers Lands’ End Pioneered the idea of online Web shopping assistance with its Lands’ End Live feature in 1999 Personal shopper Intelligent agent program that learns customer’s preferences and makes suggestions Virtual model Graphic image built from customer measurements An Introduction to E-CommerceWinter 85, 8 4 Flowers and Gifts 1-800-Flowers C reated an online extension to its telephone order business Chocolatier Godiva Offers business gift plans on its site An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 9 Digital Content Revenue Models Firms that own intellectual property have embraced the Web as a new and highly efficient distribution mechanism Lexis. com Provides full-text search of court cases, laws, patent databases, and tax regulations ProQuest Sells digital copies of published documents An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 10 5 Advertising-Supported Revenue Models Broadcasters provide free programming to an udience along with advertising messages Success of Web advertising is hampered by No consensus on how to measure and charge for site visitor views Stickiness of a Web site: the ability to keep visitors and attract repeat visitors Very few Web sites have sufficient visitors to interest large advertisers An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 11 Web Portals Web directory A listing of hyperlinks to Web pages Portal or Web portal Site used as a launching point to enter the Web Almost always includes a Web directory and search engine Examples: Yahoo! , AOL, AltaVista An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 12 6 Advertising-SubscriptionMixed Revenue Models Subscribers Pay a fee and accept some level of advertising Typically are subjected to much less advertising Used by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 13 Advertising-Subscription Mixed Revenue Models (continued) Business Week Offers some free content at its Business Week online site Requires visitors to buy a subscription to the Business Week print magazine An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 14 7 Fee-for-Transaction Revenue Models Businesses offer services and charge a fee based on the number or size of transactions processed DisintermediationRemoval of an intermediary from a value chain Reintermediation Introduction of a new intermediary An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 15 Fe e-for-Service Revenue Models Fee based on the value of a service provided Services range from games and entertainment to financial advice Online games Growing number of sites include premium games in their offerings Site visitors must pay to play these premium games An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 16 8 Fee-for-Service Revenue Models (continued) Concerts and films As more households obtain broadband access to the Internet, companies are providing streaming video of concerts and films to paying ubscribers Professional Services State laws are one of the main forces preventing U. S. professionals from extending their practices to the Web An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 17 Revenue Models in Transition Subscription to advertising-supported model Microsoft founded its Slate magazine Web site An upscale news and current events publication Charged an annual subscription fee after a limited free introductory period Was unable to draw sufficient number of paid subscribers Now operated as an advertising-supported site An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 18 9 Advertising-Supported to AdvertisingSubscription Mixed Model Salon. om Operated for several years as an advertisingsupported site Now offers an optional subscription version of its site Subscription offering was motivated by the company’s inability to raise additional money from investors An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 19 Advertising-Supported to Feefor-Services Model Xdrive Technologies Opened its original advertising-supported Web site in 1999 Offered free disk storage space online to users After two years, it was unable to pay the costs of providing the service with the advertising revenue generated Later switched to a subscription-supported model An Introduction to E-CommerceWinter 85, 20 10 Advertising-Supported to Subscription Model Northern Light Founded in August 1997 as a search engine with a twist Revenue model Combination of advertising-supported model plus a fee-base d information access service January 2002 Converted to a new revenue model that was primarily subscription supported An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 21 Multiple Transitions Encyclop? dia Britannica Original offerings The Britannica Internet Guide Free Web navigation aid Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Available for a subscription fee or as part of a CD package 1999 Converted to a free, advertiser-supported site 001 Returned to a mixed model An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 22 11 Revenue Strategy Issues Channel conflict Occurs whenever sales activities on a company’s Web site interfere with existing sales outlets Also called cannibalization Channel cooperation Giving customers access to the company’s products through a coordinated presence in all distribution channels An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 23 Strategic Alliances and Channel Distribution Management Strategic alliance When two or more companies join forces to undertake an activity over a long period of time Account aggregation servicesIncrease the propensity of customers to return to the site Channel distribution managers Companies that take over the responsibility for a particular product line within a retail store An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 24 12 Creating an Effective Web Presence An organization’s presence The public image it conveys to its stakeholders Stakeholders of a firm Include its customers, suppliers, employees, stockholders, neighbors, and the general public An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 25 Achieving Web Presence Goals Objectives of the business Attracting visitors to the Web site Making the site interesting enough that visitors tay and explore Convincing visitors to follow the site’s links to obtain information An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 26 13 Achieving Web Presence Goals (continued) Objectives of the business Creating an impression consistent with the organization’s desired image Building a trusting relationship with visitors Reinforcing positive images that the visitor might already have about the organization Encouraging visitors to return to the site An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 27 Profit-Driven Organizations Toyota site A good example of an effective Web presence Provides links to Detailed information about each vehicle modelA dealer locator page Information about the company and the financing services it offers An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 28 14 Toyota U. S. Home page An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 29 Profit-Driven Organizations (continued) Quaker Oats Web site does not offer a particularly strong sense of corporate presence Site is a straightforward presentation of links to information about the firm Redesigned site is essentially the same as the previous version An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 30 15 Quaker Oats Old Home Page An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 31 Quaker Oats Home Page: 1999 RedesignAn Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 32 16 Not-for-Profit Organizations Key goal for the Web sites Information dissemination Key element on any successful electronic commerce Web site Combination of information dissemination and a two-way contact channel An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 33 Web Site Usability Motivations of Web site visitors Learning about products or services that the company offers Buying products or services that the company offers Obtaining information about warranty, service, or repair policies for products they purchased Obtaining general information about the company or organizationAn Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 34 17 Web Site Usability (continued) Motivations of Web site visitors Obtaining financial information for making an investment or credit granting decision Identifying the people who manage the company or organization Obtaining contact information for a person or department in the organization An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 35 Making Web Sites Accessible One of the best ways to accommodate a broad range of visitor needs is to build flexibility into the Web site’s interface Good site design lets visitors choose among information attributes Web sites can offer visitors multiple nformation formats by including links to files in those formats An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 36 18 Making Web Sites Accessible (continued) Goals that should be met when constructing Web sites Offer easily accessible facts about the organization Allow visitors to experience the site in different ways and at different levels Sustain visitor attention and encourage return visits Offer easily accessible information An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 37 Trust and Loyalty A 5 percent increase in customer loyalty can yield profit increases between 25% and 80% Repetition of satisfactory service can build ustomer loyalty Customer service is a problem for many electronic commerce sites An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 38 19 Usability Testing Companies that have done usability tests Conduct focus groups Watch how different customers navigate through a series of Web site test designs Cost of usability testing is low compared to the total cost of a Web site design or overhaul to E-Commerce An Introduction Winter 85, 39 Customer-Centric Web Site Design Putting the customer at the center of all site designs Guidelines Design the site around how visitors will navigate the links Allow visitors to access information quicklyAvoid using inflated marketing statements An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 40 20 Customer-Centric Web Site Design (continued) Guidelines Avoid using business jargon and terms that visitors might not understand Be consistent in use of design features and colors Make sure navigation controls are clearly labeled Test text visibility on smaller monitors Conduct usability tests An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 41 Connecting With Customers Personal contact model Firm’s e mployees individually search for, qualify, and contact potential customers Prospecting Personal contact approach to identifying and reaching customersMass media approach Firms prepare advertising and promotional materials about the firm and its products An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 42 21 Connecting With Customers (continued) Addressable media Advertising efforts directed to a known addressee Also called mass media One-to-many communication model Communication flows from one advertiser to many potential buyers One-to-one communication model Both buyer and seller participate in information exchange An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 43 Business Communication Modes An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 44 22 Summary Models used to generate revenue on the WebWeb catalog Digital content sales Advertising-supported Advertising-subscription mixed Fee-for-transaction and fee-for-service Companies undertaking electronic commerce initiatives sometimes Form strategic allia nces Contract with channel distribution managers An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 45 Summary (continued) Firms must understand how the Web differs from other media Enlisting the help of users when building test versions of the Web site is a good way to create a site that represents the organization well Firms must also understand the nature of communication on the Web An Introduction to E-Commerce Winter 85, 46 23

Biography of Humphry Davy, Prominent English Chemist

Sir Humphry Davy (December 17, 1778–May 29, 1829) was a British chemist and inventor who was best known for his contributions to the discoveries of chlorine, iodine, and many other chemical substances. He also invented the Davy lamp, a lighting device that greatly improved safety for coal miners, and the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light. Fast Facts: Sir Humphry Davy Known For: Scientific discoveries and inventionsBorn: December 17, 1778 in  Penzance,  Cornwall, EnglandParents: Robert Davy, Grace Millet DavyDied: May 29, 1829 in Geneva, SwitzerlandPublished Works: Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Elements of Chemical PhilosophyAwards and Honors: Knight and baronetSpouse: Jane ApreeceNotable Quote: Nothing is so dangerous to the progress of the human mind than to assume that our views of science are ultimate, that there are no mysteries in nature, that our triumphs are complete and that there are no new worlds to conquer. Early Life Humphry Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in  Penzance,  Cornwall, England. He was the eldest of five children of parents who owned a small, less-than-prosperous farm. His father Robert Davy was also a woodcarver. Young Davy was educated locally and was described as an exuberant, affectionate, popular boy, intelligent and having a lively imagination. He was fond of writing poems, sketching, making fireworks, fishing, shooting, and collecting minerals; he was said to wander with one of his pockets filled with fishing tackle and the other overflowing with mineral specimens. His father died in 1794, leaving his wife, Grace Millet Davy, and the rest of the family heavily in debt because of his failed mining investments. The death of his father changed Davy’s life, making him determined to help his mother by quickly making something of himself.  Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary a year later, and he hoped eventually to qualify for a medical career, but he also educated himself in other subjects, including theology, philosophy, languages, and the sciences, including chemistry. About this time he also met Gregory Watt, son of the famous Scottish inventor James Watt, and Davies Gilbert, who allowed Davy to use a library and chemical laboratory. Davy began his own experiments, mainly with gases. Early Career Davy began preparing (and inhaling) nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas, and carried out a series of experiments that almost killed him and may have damaged his long-term health. He recommended that the gas be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures, though it was half a century later before nitrous oxide would be used to save lives. An article Davy wrote on heat and light impressed Dr. Thomas Beddoes, an eminent English physician and scientific writer who had founded the Pneumatic Institution in Bristol, where he experimented with the use of gases in medical treatment. Davy joined Beddoes institution in 1798, and at age 19 he became its chemical superintendent. While there he explored oxides, nitrogen, and ammonia. He published his findings in the 1800 book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, which attracted recognition in the field. In 1801, Davy was appointed to the Royal Institution in London, first as a lecturer and then as a professor of chemistry. His lectures became so popular that admirers would line up for blocks to attend them. He had earned a professorship five years after reading his first chemistry book. Later Career Davy’s attention turned to electrochemistry, which became possible in 1800 with Alessandro Voltas invention of the voltaic pile, the first electric battery. He concluded that the production of electricity in simple  electrolytic cells  resulted from chemical action between substances of opposite charges. He reasoned that  electrolysis, or the interaction of electric currents with chemical compounds, offered a way to decompose substances to their elements for further study. In addition to using electrical power to conduct experiments and isolate elements, Davy invented the carbon arc, an early version of the electric light that produced light in the arc between two carbon rods. It didnt become economically practical until the cost of producing the power supply became reasonable years later. His work led to discoveries regarding sodium and potassium and the discovery of boron. He also figured out why chlorine serves as a bleaching agent. Davy did research for the Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal Mines, leading to his 1815 invention of a lamp that was safe to use in mines. Named the Davy lamp in his honor, it consisted of a wick lamp whose flame was enclosed by a mesh screen. The screen allowed for the mining of deep coal seams despite the presence of methane and other flammable gases by dissipating the flames heat and inhibiting ignition of  the gases. Later Life and Death Davy was knighted in 1812 and was made a baronet in 1818 for contributions to his country and to mankind; especially the Davy lamp. In between, he married rich widow and socialite Jane Apreece. He became president of the Royal Society of London in 1820 and was a founding Fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1826. Beginning in 1827, his health began to decline. Davy died at Geneva, Switzerland, on May 29, 1829, at age 50. Legacy In Davys honor, the Royal Society has awarded the Davy Medal annually since 1877 â€Å"for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry.† Davys work served as a guide and inspiration encouraging many to study chemistry, physics and other fields of science, including Michael Faraday, his lab assistant. Faraday became famous in his own right for his contributions to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. It has been said that Faraday was Davys greatest discovery. He also was known as one of the greatest exponents of the  scientific method, a mathematical and experimental technique employed in the  sciences, specifically in the construction and testing of a  scientific hypothesis. Sources Sir Humphrey Davy: British Chemist. Encyclopedia Britannica.Sir Humphry Davy Biography. Enotes.com.Humphry Davy Biography. Biography.com.Humphry Davy. Sciencehistory.org.Humphry Davy. Famousscientists.org.